What is Epidemiology - 1686 Words

People have many health concerns and diagnosis that presents to the current public health as to overcome with fear . The first step in any medical situation regarding a person’s health is to make sure that you talked among the professionals in the health community. This will be the bests way to help the cycle amongs others, that will further prevent other diseases from occurring. Using epidemiology and the epidemiology triangle diabetes in African Americans will be observed. This health concern in many communities in the United States that can be prevented and helped, but information is the key to success. In this paper we will be examining the definition and description of epidemiology, the steps and methods of epidemiology, reviewing the data of the selected population. We will also be looking at the epidemiological triangle as well as various levels of prevention. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2012). Epidemiology is a type of science that guides our understanding of the branch of medicine dealing with the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations and with detection of the source andShow MoreRelatedThe Scope Of Public Health1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdisciplines and industries of human livelihood. The core disciplines of public health are behavioral science/health education, biostatistics, environmental health, health services administration, and epidemiology. Epidemiology is considered by many the foundation of public health. By general definition, epidemiology is â€Å"the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations.† In other words, epidemiologists observe and assess the proportion of disease among people. ThisRead MoreEpidemiology Nur/4081540 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology of HPV in Teenagers Rosalyn Huf NUR/408 June 4, 2012 Linnette Nolte Epidemiology today is considered to be the core science of public health and is described as a constellation of disciplines with a common mission: optimal health for the whole community (Stanhope amp; Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology has reformed public health and continues to strive for disease prevention and health promotion in communities across the world. The population and disease that will be discussed inRead MoreThe Demon in the Freezer: A True Story933 Words   |  4 PagesHensley was young, intelligent, and determined in her career. During her educational years, Lisa successfully gained two master’s degrees in public health and a Ph.D. in epidemiology and microbiology (Preston, 2002). Lisa comes from an educational background and everything she aimed to achieve within public health, epidemiology, and microbiology constantly amazed her. Upon completing graduate school and accepting the position with USAMRIID; her official title was a civilian scientist with phenomenalR ead MoreDengue Fever And Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever935 Words   |  4 Pagesago in either Southeast Asia or Africa. (cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology) Dengue became a prevalent issue during the 20th century as a result of the Second World War inadvertently transporting the insect vector from place to place along with cargo. (cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology) This caused outbreaks in Thailand and the Philippines in the 1950’s and in the 80’s cases began to crop up in Latin America and the Caribbean. (cdc.gov/dengue/epidemiology) Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused byRead MoreEpidemiology of Homeless1613 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology of Homeless/Indigent People with Mental Illness Vulnerable populations are defined in many ways. Variables of the definition are dependent on the author, their current location and how they believe that they may assist this population. Vulnerability as defined in a healthcare setting are those with a greater than average risk of developing health problems by virtue of their marginalized sociocultural status, their limited access to economic resources, or personal characteristics suchRead MoreEssay on Biostatistics for Public Health1336 Words   |  6 Pagespreventing disease and prolonging life on the population level [text book], the ability of understanding, collecting, analyzing and interpreting data is extremely important. For example, when forecasting the outbreak of a seasonal influenza, beside the epidemiology works, the works on the analyze the rule of outbreak timing in the history and the surveillance on the occurrence of case number are all rely on the statistic techniques.[CDC paper] Besides, biostatistics techniques also applied to the yearly vitalRead MoreMy Interest On Public Health988 Words   |  4 PagesMy interest in public health stems from a natural inclination and compassion to help people. Although at the time it was not readily apparent that public health was what I was searching for, I found myself focusing my energy on impoverished and destitute population working towards finding them the appropriate health care they needed as well as educating them about healthy lifestyle behaviors. It later became evident to me that all long since undergrad, I have pursued work in public health withoutRead MoreEpidemiology Is Not For Diseases Among Human Populations1289 Words   |  6 PagesBackground Epidemiology is the study of how often diseases spread through a population. This information can be used to help reduce the damage caused in future epidemics and also help to understand the best way to treat patients of a current epidemic. The word epidemiology comes from Greek, literally translating to â€Å"the study of what is upon the people†. However nowadays epidemiology is not limited to diseases among human populations, epidemiology can now be the study of disease in any defined populationRead MorePersonal Reflection on Age of Aids by Frontline961 Words   |  4 Pagesis an apt study for two reasons. First it details the process of identifying a disease which was new and mysterious; second in doing so it gives us insight on how epidemiology plays an important role. This gives us an understanding of epidemiology and its basic concepts in force while executing this role. The objectives of epidemiology of identifying the cause of disease, in this case AIDS, extent to which it has penetrated. Finding records for similar cases for further investigation which wouldRead MoreChildhood Obesity Among Hispanic Children1729 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood obesity in the United States. Epidemiology of Childhood Obesity Friis and Sellers (2004) defined Epidemiology as the science concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. The primary goal of epidemiology is to identify the determinants of health and disease to decrease mortality and morbidity within a population (Kuller, 1987). Therefore, Childhood obesity Epidemiology focuses on obesity among children

A Guide to the Graduate School Admissions Interview

If youve received an invitation to interview at a graduate school of choice, congratulate yourself. Youve made it to the short list of applicants under serious consideration for admission. If you have not received an invitation, dont fret.  Not all graduate programs interview and the popularity of admissions interviews vary by program. Heres what to expect and some tips on how to prepare so you do your very best. Purpose of the Interview The purpose of the interview is to let members of the department get a peek at you and meet you, the person, and see beyond your application. Sometimes applicants who seem like a perfect match on paper arent so in real life. What do the interviewers want to know? Whether you have what it takes to succeed in graduate school and the profession, like maturity, interpersonal skills, interest, and motivation. How well do you express yourself, manage stress and think on your feet? What to Expect Interview formats vary considerably. Some programs request applicants to meet for half of an hour to an hour with a faculty member, and other interviews will be full weekend events with students, faculty and other applicants. Graduate school interviews are conducted by invitation, but the expenses are nearly always paid for by applicants. In some unusual  cases, a program may assist a promising student with travel expenses, but its not common. If youre invited to an interview, try your best to attend -- even if you have to pay the travel expenses. Not attending, even if its for a good reason, signals that youre not seriously interested in the program. During your interview, youll talk with several faculty members as well as students. You might engage in small group discussions with students, faculty and other applicants. Participate in discussions and demonstrate your listening skills  but do not monopolize the conversation. The interviewers might have read your application file but dont expect them to remember anything about you. Because the interviewer is unlikely to remember much about each applicant, be forthcoming about your experiences, strengths and professional goals. Be mindful of the salient facts you wish to present. How to Prepare Learn about the program and faculty. familiarize yourself with the training emphasis and faculty research interests.Review your own interests, goals, and qualifications. Note what things make you a good match for the program. Be able to explain how your goals and qualifications match what the program has to offer.Take the perspective of faculty members. What can you contribute to their graduate program and research? Why should they accept you? What skills do you bring that will help a professor advance in his or her research?Anticipate questions and rehearse potential answers.Prepare intelligent questions to ask. During the Interview Remember your goals during your interview: to convey your interest, motivation, and professionalism and to gather the information you need to determine if this is the graduate program for you.In meetings with graduate students, try to ask questions that reveal what they really think about their advisers and the program. Most students will be forthcoming -- especially in one-on-one conversations.Dont underestimate the potential influence of current graduate students. Present your best side because current graduate students may be in a position to help or hurt your application.Some interviews include social events like parties. Dont drink (even if others do). Remember that even though it seems like a party, its an interview. Assume that youre being evaluated at all times. Empower Yourself: Youre Interviewing Them, Too Remember that this is your chance to interview the program, its facilities, and its faculty. Youll tour the facilities and lab spaces as well as have the opportunity to ask questions. Take this opportunity to assess the school, program, faculty, and students to determine if its the right match for you. During the interview, you should evaluate the program just as the faculty is evaluating you.

Raychel is requesting your help! Free Essays

What business would you engage in if you were given an inheritance of 5 million pesos today? Why? How would you minimize the risks? If I were given an inheritance of 5 million pesos , I will be engage in leasing services to render services to the students, workers and families who need to lodge. Why? Because it is a good business to be engaged with for the reason that I can produce an additional profit while I am working. I will minimize the risks by being competitive and by ensuring that the house and rooms are well-cleaned, well-ventilated, no leaks, o clog sinks, and comfortable to live at. We will write a custom essay sample on Raychel is requesting your help! or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also build an apartment near the school and near in the workplaces. 2. Specify five objectives you would like to attain for yourself in this class by the end of the school year. Are these objectives measurable? 1 . Learn new things, ideas, theories and many more. 2. Learn how to manage organization or a business efficiently and effectively. 3. Right decision making in various situations and risks it may take. 4. To make an appropriate plan on a certain business or an organization I will be engage. To know how to be competitive despite of all the risks and challenges in the field of business. These objectives are measurable through conducting tests to know whether I learn or not. 3. Describe the present business environment in the country today. Use various sources and references: newspaper articles, magazine reports, official government announcements, bank statements, etc. Is the environment conducive to business? Why? The business environment today is very appropriate for the business owners but other businesses are too competitive. They are using different kind of advertisements like different banks of today. BAD says â€Å"we find ways†. While the department of tourism said â€Å"It’s more fun in the Philippines†. It is very conducive to the business because Philippines is one of the appropriate place to build a business because of the weather and the chances and opportunities 4. Do a survey of your neighborhood. Form a team among your classmates. What are the most common businesses? What other business can be set up? Why? What are the risks involved in setting up a new business in your neighborhood? The most common businesses are trading or merchandising business and the other common business are computer shops. The other business can be set up is rental service or leasing service. Why? Because there are lot of people who need space for lodging because the place is near in school, market, and church. So it is so desirable to built the business. The risks involve are the other competitive business of the same field. The security of payments of the boarders and how can, the owner encourages the people to lodge in the house he/she offers. How to cite Raychel is requesting your help!, Papers

Accounting - Organizations & Society Unstructured employment sample

Question: 1. Discuss some of the reasons why managers continue to use unstructured employment interviews despite the abundant evidence that they are not useful for predicting future job performance.2. Describe the concept of linear decision-making. Also, discuss how a linear decision-making model could have helped you in making a past decision.3. Bazerman and Moore suggest that we should understand the biases of others. Discuss this concept in terms of why it is important for us to understand other peoples' biases. In your discussion, focus on how you might be able to improve your decision-making in a group setting.4. Describe the concept of analogical reasoning. Then, considering your last purchase decision, discuss how analogical reasoning could have helped you to improve your decision and increase your satisfaction with the product or service that you purchased. Answer: Discuss some of the reasons why managers continue to use unstructured employment interviews despite the abundant evidence that they are not useful for predicting future job performance. The Formless job conferences mention the pattern of discussions where the queries are transformed stranded on in what manner the applicant retorts to the style and content of interrogations. The explanations mentioned by the executives or directors articulate about the sensation of individuality and evenhandedness with varied type of interrogations that leaves negligible chances of leaving any vital query. Secondly, the unstructured interviews attempt to minimize the impression of anxiety and panic and construct a flexible platform (Smolkin, 2015). Thirdly, the unpremeditated method includes the interrogations which might aid to recognize the specific competencies and talents applicable for the significant position. Fourthly, the vital aspects of certain concerns might appear in limelight which could be omitted in the professional or academic recommendations. The unfathomable layers of human mind are delicately produced through the psychometric valuations of open sessions in LT that discusses the latent matters of complex or excruciating states of thoughts (Farago, 2010). The most exciting fact declares the features of monetary and time saving elements while interviewing an applicant, and yet lacks the exhibition of practical experience required for projecting the potential standpoints of profession. Describe the concept of linear decision-making. Also, discuss how a linear decision-making model could have helped you in making a past decision The method of constructing a decision refers to additional choices to be measured as well as the selection must ensure the premier probabilities of accomplishment or productivity in addition to the perfect form of realization of aims and objectives for procuring the services or artifact. Thus, the decision building technique comprises picking an opportunity amid numerous set of variables with anonymous consequences. The linear form of production of decision specifies the representations where the assessment is prepared with contemplation of the outcome that reflects on the concerns of introspection (Yoneda Celaschi, 2013). Accordingly, the verdict with unsurpassed anticipatory paraphernalia is preferred above other criteria. The fabrication of linear decision exceedingly stands on the prompts that are subjective to navigate the route of intellectual thinking in configuring a specified decision. Even if linear pattern of decision is extremely unswerving as it circumvents the negative aspects, it turns out to be challenging to select the superlative track while there remain identical stuffs with voluminous substitutes with the equivalent prospects. Rendering to the dictums of Tu. (2014), linear decision constitutes share of the coherent convention of assembling the thoughts of decision ubiquitously with fecund indications. The process of linear decision would have facilitated me to form logical and scientific judgments grounded on mathematical interpretation of analyzing the nutritive value alongside the cost of cheese burger from Mac Donalds while opting to select the profitable choice. Bazerman and Moore suggest that we should understand the biases of others. Discuss this concept in terms of why it is important for us to understand other peoples' biases. In your discussion, focus on how you might be able to improve your decision-making in a group setting. There are diverse issues that impact on decision constructive course. The bias, deliberately or inadvertently touches the principles of verdicts concerning the sensation and accomplishments that engages the personalities. In the process of creating decision, it is vital to comprehend ones partialities or favoritisms including others to frame the decisive strategies in the correct route. It sanctions us to acknowledge the real attitude or outlook of individuals (Sobel, 2014). However, some personnel in a workplace might disclose the encouraging features of actualities to endorse their position in a specified context while, others might not be able to portray the entire matter owing to unawareness and unavailability of information. The predispositions or labels of discriminatory issues predict the vitality of sentiments and beliefs that impact on the categorical judgments and uncompromising challenges Gazal Sulitzeanu, 2010). I would be able to augment my creative and cogent analysis of the perceptible nature of the individuals while setting the targets of decision regarding the group performance. This would definitely intensify the power of recognizing the true perspectives of awareness distinguishing the merits and demerits of behavioral ethics. Describe the concept of analogical reasoning. Then, considering your last purchase decision, discuss how analogical reasoning could have helped you to improve your decision and increase your satisfaction with the product or service that you purchased. Analogical reasoning stands extensively in comprehending the thoughts and standpoints of individuals. The pronouncements on twofold or added concerns in unraveling tricks are decidedly applied as a defensible element in backing the supposition of premises in policymaking situations. The comparative features of the identical matters or outsets reveal the foundation of analogy that is explicitly executed in citing the causes of realistic events or specifics. The ideology denotes the vision of deducing inferences from the logical unfolding of layers of facts (Davis, 2012). The awareness and understanding of brand image and product value including the after sales facilities of last purchase persuaded me select the Redme mobile set from MI stores through online transaction. Figure: Model of Analogical Reasoning (Source: Gohari, 2014) References Bazerman, M. Moore, D. (2011). Is it time for auditor independence yet?. Accounting, Organizations And Society, 36(4-5), 310-312. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2011.07.004 Burtscher, M. Meyer, B. (2014). Promoting good decisions: How regulatory focus affects group information processing and decision-making. Group Processes Intergroup Relations, 17(5), 663-681. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430214522138 Davis, K. (2012). Analogical reasoning in a model of future-oriented motivation and self-regulation. English, L. (2012). Mathematical and analogical reasoning of young learners. New York: Routledge. Farago, B. (2010). Applicant reactions to structured and unstructured recruitment interviews. Gazal-Ayal, O. Sulitzeanu-Kenan, R. (2010). Let My People Go: Ethnic In-Group Bias in Judicial Decisions-Evidence from a Randomized Natural Experiment. Journal Of Empirical Legal Studies, 7(3), 403-428. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2010.01183.x Gohari,. (2014). Improving decision making. Slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 September 2016, from https://www.slideshare.net/omidazg/improving-decision-making-40326384 Hullermeier, E. (2012). Scalable uncertainty management. Berlin: Springer. Robson, A. (2012). Analogical reasoning and working memory. Durham University. Simmonds-Moore, C. (2014). Exploring the perceptual biases associated with believing and disbelieving in paranormal phenomena. Consciousness And Cognition, 28, 30-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.004 Smolkin, A. (2015). Distortions of Self-Descriptions in Unstructured Interviews: Sensitive Situation and Informants Self-Justification Strategies. RSR, 14(3), 64-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2015-3-64-79 Sobel, J. (2014). On the relationship between individual and group decisions. Theoretical Economics, 9(1), 163-185. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/te1185 Tu, Y. (2014). Use of Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Network Meta-analysis. Medical Decision Making, 34(7), 911-918. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x14545789 Yoneda, K. Celaschi, W. (2013). A Utility Function to Solve Approximate Linear Equations for Decision Making. Decision Making In Manufacturing And Services, 7(1-2), 5. https://dx.doi.org/10.7494/dmms.2013.7.1.5

Voting Franchise A Major Source of Political Influence essays

Voting Franchise A Major Source of Political Influence essays The voting franchise, how many people participate in the voting process, is known to be an important factor in shaping government policies. A recent study examined state government spending and state and local spending for forty-six states from 1950 until 1988 (Husted and Kenny, 1997). It found that the elimination of poll taxes and literacy tests led to higher turnout, particularly among the poor, and a poorer pivotal voter. As a result, a fall in the income of voters relative to state income, and the ouster of Republicans from state government led to a sharp rise in welfare spending but no change in other spending. Today, legislative redistricting is one of the most hotly debated areas that impact the voter franchise. The U.S. Supreme Court has stated, "Unconstitutional discrimination occurs ... when the electoral system is arranged in a manner that will consistently degrade a voter's or a group of voters' influence on the political process as a whole" (Statement on the voter redistricting process). Many critics feel that voting districts are redrawn for partisan considerations resulting in political gerrymandering that interferes with the right to vote, and is used by the legislature to dilute votes and influence the outcome of the elections, thereby impairing Further, activists charge that there are many citizens who are prevented, either by law or practice, from registering or voting. The laundry list of examples supporting this belief include laws that link voter eligibility to criminal conviction and citizenship, needlessly early voter registration deadlines, difficult voter registration processes, inaccessible and out-of-the-way polling places, and voting machines that require English literacy, visual acuity and manual dexterity (Blain, 2004). Clearly, the voter franchise is a major source of political influence ...

Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War

Overview of the Sri Lankan Civil War In the late 20th century, the island nation of Sri Lanka tore itself apart in a brutal civil war. At the most basic level, the conflict arose from the ethnic tension between Sinhalese and Tamil citizens. In reality, though, the causes were much more complex and arose in large part because of Sri Lankas colonial history. Background Great Britain ruled Sri Lanka- then called Ceylon- from 1815 to 1948. When the British arrived, the country was dominated by Sinhalese speakers whose ancestors likely arrived on the island from India in the 500s BCE. Sri Lankan people seem to have been in contact with Tamil speakers from southern India since at least the second century BCE, but migrations of significant numbers of Tamils to the island appear to have taken place later, between the seventh and 11th centuries CE. In 1815, the population of Ceylon numbered about three million predominantly Buddhist Sinhalese and 300,000 mostly Hindu Tamils. The British established huge cash crop plantations on the island, first of coffee, and later of rubber and tea. Colonial officials brought in approximately a million Tamil speakers from India to work as plantation laborers. The British also established schools in the northern, Tamil-majority part of the colony, and preferentially appointed Tamils to bureaucratic positions, angering the Sinhalese majority. This was a common divide-and-rule tactic in European colonies that had troubling results in the post-colonial era in places such as Rwanda and Sudan. Civil War Erupts The British granted Ceylon independence in 1948. The Sinhalese majority immediately began to pass laws that discriminated against Tamils, particularly the Indian Tamils brought to the island by the British. They made Sinhalese the official language, driving Tamils out of the civil service. The Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 effectively barred Indian Tamils from holding citizenship, making stateless people out of some 700,000. This was not remedied until 2003, and anger over such measures fueled the bloody rioting that broke out repeatedly in the following years. After decades of increasing ethnic tension, the war began as a low-level insurgency in July 1983. Ethnic riots broke out in Colombo and other cities.  Tamil Tiger insurgents killed 13 army soldiers, prompting violent reprisals against Tamil civilians by their Sinhalese neighbors across the country. Between 2,500 and 3,000 Tamils likely died, and many thousands more fled to Tamil-majority regions. The Tamil Tigers declared the First Eelam War (1983-87) with the aim of creating a separate Tamil state in northern Sri Lanka called Eelam. Much of the fighting was directed initially at other Tamil factions; the Tigers massacred their opponents and consolidated power over the separatist movement by 1986. At the outbreak of the war, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India offered to mediate a settlement. However, the Sri Lankan government distrusted her motivations, and it was later shown that her government was arming and training Tamil guerrillas in camps in southern India. Relations between the Sri Lankan government and India deteriorated, as Sri Lankan coast guards seized Indian fishing boats to search for weapons. Over the next few years, violence escalated as the Tamil insurgents used car bombs, suitcase bombs, and landmines against Sinhalese military and civilian targets. The quickly-expanding Sri Lankan army responded by rounding up Tamil youths and torturing and disappearing them. India Intervenes In 1987, Indias Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, decided to directly intervene in the Sri Lankan Civil War by sending peacekeepers. India was concerned about separatism in its own Tamil region, Tamil Nadu, as well as a potential flood of refugees from Sri Lanka. The peacekeepers mission was to disarm militants on both sides, in preparation for peace talks. The Indian peacekeeping force of 100,000 troops not only was unable to quell the conflict, it actually began fighting with the Tamil Tigers. The Tigers refused to disarm, sent female bombers and child soldiers to attack the Indians, and relations escalated into running skirmishes between the peacekeeping troops and the Tamil guerrillas. In May 1990, Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa forced India to recall its peacekeepers; 1,200 Indian soldiers had died battling the insurgents. The following year, a female Tamil suicide bomber named Thenmozhi Rajaratnam assassinated Rajiv Gandhi at an election rally. President Premadasa would die in a similar attack in May 1993. Second Eelam War After the peacekeepers withdrew, the Sri Lankan Civil War entered an even bloodier phase, which the Tamil Tigers named the Second Eelam War.  It began when the Tigers seized between 600 and 700 Sinhalese police officers in the Eastern Province on June 11, 1990, in an effort to weaken government control there. The police laid down their weapons and surrendered to the militants after the Tigers promised no harm would come to them. However, the militants took the policemen into the jungle, forced them to kneel, and shot them all dead, one by one. A week later, the Sri Lankan Minister of Defense announced, From now on, it is all out war. The government cut off all shipments of medicine and food to the Tamil stronghold on the Jaffna peninsula  and initiated an intensive aerial bombardment. The Tigers responded with massacres of hundreds of Sinhalese and Muslim villagers. Muslim self-defense units and government troops conducted tit-for-tat massacres in Tamil villages. The government also massacred Sinhalese school children in Sooriyakanda and buried the bodies in a mass grave, because the town was a base for the Sinhala splinter group known as the JVP. In July 1991, 5,000 Tamil Tigers surrounded the governments army base at Elephant Pass, laying siege to it for a month. The pass is a bottleneck leading to the Jaffna Peninsula, a key strategic point in the region. Some 10,000 government troops raised the siege after four weeks, but over 2,000 fighters on both sides had been killed, making this the bloodiest battle in the entire civil war. Although they held this chokepoint, government troops could not capture Jaffna itself despite repeated assaults in 1992-93. Third Eelam War January 1995 saw the Tamil Tigers sign a peace agreement with the new government of President Chandrika Kumaratunga. However, three months later the Tigers planted explosives on two Sri Lankan naval gunboats, destroying the ships and the peace accord. The government responded by declaring a war for peace, in which Air Force jets pounded civilian sites and refugee camps on the Jaffna Peninsula, while ground troops perpetrated a number of massacres against civilians in Tampalakamam, Kumarapuram, and elsewhere. By December 1995, the peninsula was under government control for the first time since the war began. Some 350,000 Tamil refugees and the Tiger guerrillas fled inland to the sparsely populated Vanni region of the Northern Province. The Tamil Tigers responded to the loss of Jaffna in July 1996 by launching an eight-day assault on the town of Mullaitivu, which was protected by 1,400 government troops. Despite air support from the Sri Lankan Air Force, the government position was overrun by the 4,000-strong guerrilla army in a decisive Tiger victory. More than 1,200 of the government soldiers were killed, including about 200 who were doused with gasoline and burned alive after they surrendered; the Tigers lost 332 troops. Another aspect of the war took place simultaneously in the capital of Colombo and other southern cities, where Tiger suicide bombers struck repeatedly in the late 1990s. They hit the Central Bank in Colombo, the Sri Lankan World Trade Centre, and the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, a shrine housing a relic of the Buddha himself. A suicide bomber tried to assassinate President Chandrika Kumaratunga in December 1999- she survived  but lost her right eye. In April 2000, the Tigers retook Elephant Pass  but were unable to recover the city of Jaffna. Norway began trying to negotiate a settlement, as war-weary Sri Lankans of all ethnic groups looked for a way to end the interminable conflict. The Tamil Tigers declared a unilateral ceasefire in December 2000, leading to hope that the civil war was truly winding down. However, in April 2001, the Tigers rescinded the ceasefire and pushed north on the Jaffna Peninsula once more. A July 2001 Tiger suicide attack on the Bandaranaike International Airport destroyed eight military jets and four airliners, sending Sri Lankas tourism industry into a tailspin. Long Road to Peace The September 11 attacks in the United States  and the subsequent War on Terror  made it more difficult for the Tamil Tigers to get overseas funding and support. The United States also began to offer direct aid to the Sri Lankan government, despite its terrible human rights record over the course of the civil war. Public weariness with the fighting led to President Kumaratungas party losing control of parliament and the election of a new, pro-peace government. Throughout 2002 and 2003, the Sri Lankan government and the Tamil Tigers negotiated various ceasefires and signed a Memorandum of Understanding, again mediated by the Norwegians. The two sides compromised with a federal solution, rather than the Tamils demand for a two-state solution or the governments insistence on a unitary state. Air and ground traffic resumed between Jaffna and the rest of Sri Lanka.   However, on October 31, 2003, the Tigers declared themselves in full control of the north and east regions of the country, prompting the government to declare a state of emergency. Within just over a year, monitors from Norway recorded 300 infractions of the ceasefire by the army and 3,000 by the Tamil Tigers. When the Indian Ocean Tsunami hit Sri Lanka on December 26, 2004, it killed 35,000 people and sparked another disagreement between the Tigers and the government over how to distribute aid in Tiger-held areas. On August 12, 2005, the Tamil Tigers lost much of their remaining cachet with the international community when one of their snipers killed Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, a highly respected ethnic Tamil who was critical of Tiger tactics. Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran warned that his guerrillas would go on the offensive once more in 2006 if the government failed to implement the peace plan. Fighting erupted again, including the bombing of civilian targets such as packed commuter trains and buses in Colombo. The government also began assassinating pro-Tiger journalists and politicians. Massacres against civilians on both sides left thousands dead over the next few years, including 17 charity workers from Frances Action Against Hunger, who were shot down in their office. On September 4, 2006, the army drove the Tamil Tigers from the key coastal city of Sampur. The Tigers retaliated by bombing a naval convoy, killing more than 100 sailors who were on shore leave. After October 2006 peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, did not produce results, the Sri Lankan government launched a massive offensive in eastern and northern parts of the islands to crush the Tamil Tigers once and for all. The 2007-2009 eastern and northern offensives were extremely bloody, with tens of thousands of civilians caught between the army and Tiger lines. Entire villages were left depopulated and ruined in what a U.N. spokesman termed a bloodbath. As the government troops closed in on the last rebel strongholds, some Tigers blew themselves up. Others were summarily executed by the soldiers after they surrendered, and these war crimes were captured on video. On May 16, 2009, the Sri Lankan government declared victory over the Tamil Tigers. The following day, an official Tiger website conceded that This battle has reached its bitter end. People in Sri Lanka and around the world expressed relief that the devastating conflict had finally ended after 26 years, hideous atrocities on both sides, and some 100,000 deaths. The only question remaining is whether the perpetrators of those atrocities will face trials for their crimes.

McDonald's Public Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

McDonald's Public Relations - Case Study Example This organization need is what has evolved to Corporate Social Responsibility (Bardhan and Weaver, 2011). Corporate Social Responsibility is the attempt by an organization to address some of the emerging issues concerning their role in society. However, there have been debates on some organizations appear to circumvent this responsibility, regardless of corporate social responsibility requirement in social or legal terms (McKee and Lamb, 2009). This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of McDonald’s corporate social responsibility, as well as the organization’s ability to identify public relation opportunities and problems, and their reinvention from bad publicity. The growing public demand and awareness for socially responsibility businesses has prompted business organizations to consider corporate social responsibility. One of the international companies with a corporate social responsibility is McDonalds. McDonalds is the largest food chain in the world, s pecializing in hamburger. McDonalds considers corporate social responsibility as achieving results, maintaining open communication with customers and other stakeholders, and taking actions. As part of its framework for corporate social responsibility, McDonald’s works in association with its suppliers to ensure that its supply chain promotes socially responsible practices (Eyre & Littleton, 2012). According to its website, the organization has code of conduct purposely for its suppliers, which clearly stipulates how the suppliers should treat its customers (Aidoo, 2005). McDonald’s has had success in supporting suppliers phasing out gestation crates in the supply chain. The organization claims that about 50% of all contracted hog farms of Cargill use the new-generation system that do not incorporate gestation stalls. In 2007 for instance, the food chain giant embarked on sustainability projects with efforts of improving the working conditions for its farm workers in th e tomato industry in Florida. The result was an enhanced environmental practice in the agricultural supply chain of the organization and made the farm sustainable. Despite the fact that MacDonald’s buys about 1.5% of the tomatoes in Florida annually, the organization and the suppliers laid down the industry-leading growing standards, improving the working conditions in the farms and making the farm business sustainable (Sriramesh and Vercic, 2009). One of the indicators of MacDonald’s approach and its contribution to the communities is the Flagship Farms Initiative (FAI) in Europe. This particular program involves seven progressive farms that employ innovative farming practices in Europe, carrying out research on the ethical farming practices that incorporate into commercial farming systems. Another prime example is visible in the Sustainable Fisheries program, incorporating the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. The program essentially lays down sustainable standards that stipulate McDonald’s worldwide purchases for wild-caught fish into making Fillet-o-Fish, thus making the relevant fishery business a sustainable business (Royle, 2005). McDonald’s also engages in donating some of its profit portion to corporate philanthropy as part of its corporate social responsibility. The organization donates to the communities through the Ronald McDonald House Charities, a foundation that aims to create, support, and find programs that improve